PCI Card prices

Brand Category Item Title Price
Asus PCI Card EAH3850 OC Gear / HTDI / 512MB (GDDR-3) Rs. 14,000/-
Asus PCI Card EAH3870X2 / G / 3DHTI / 1GB (GDDR-3) Rs. 26,000/-
Asus PCI Card EAH4350 SILENT / DI / 512MB (GDDR-2) Call for Price
Asus PCI Card EAH4550 / DI / 512MB (LP) (GDDR-3) Rs. 4,700/-
Asus PCI Card EAH4650 / DI / 512MB (GDDR-2) Rs. 5,400/-
Asus PCI Card EAH4670 / DI / 1GB (GDDR-3) Call for Price
Asus PCI Card EAH4670 / DI / 512MB (GDDR-3) Rs. 8,000/-
Asus PCI Card EAH4870 / HTDI / 1GB (GDDR-5) Rs. 33,000/-
Asus PCI Card EAX1050 / TD / 128MB (GDDR-1) Rs. 2,700/-
Asus PCI Card EAX1950 PRO CrossFire / HTDP / 256MB (GDDR-3) Rs. 12,000/-
Asus PCI Card EAX300 SE-X / TD / 64MB (GDDR-1) Rs. 1,500/-
Asus PCI Card EAX300SEHM512 / TD / 32MB (GDDR-1) Rs. 1,800/-
Asus PCI Card EN6800GT / 2DT / 256MB (GDDR-3) Rs. 5,400/-
Asus PCI Card EN7300GT Silent / HTD / 512MB (GDDR-2) Rs. 3,900/-
Asus PCI Card EN8500GT / HTP / 1GB (GDDR-2) Call for Price
Asus PCI Card EN8500GT Silent / HTP / 512MB (GDDR-2) Rs. 4,400/-
Asus PCI Card EN8800GT / G / HTDP / 512MB (GDDR-3) Rs. 18,000/-
Asus PCI Card EN9500GT / DI / 512MB (GDDR-3) Rs. 7,600/-
Asus PCI Card EN9600GT / HTDI / 512MB (GDDR-3) Rs. 10,600/-

Memory

Brand Category Item Title Price
Kingston Memory Kingston 1.0 GB 1333MHz DDR3 Non-ECC CL9 DIMM (KVR1333D3N9/1G) Rs. 2,100/-
Kingston Memory Kingston 1.0 GB 1333MHz DDR3 Non-ECC CL9 DIMM (KVR1333D3N9/2G) Rs. 3,900/-
Kingston Memory Kingston 2GB 800Mhz DDR2 ECC CL5 DIMM Fully Buffered(KVR800D2D8F5/2G) Rs. 8,300/-
Kingston Memory Kingston 4GB 800Mhz DDR2 ECC CL5 DIMM Fully Buffered(KVR800D2D4F5/4G) Rs. 15,000/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR RAM 1.0GB PC400 (C3) Rs. 3,100/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR RAM 128MB PC400 (C3) Rs. 950/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR RAM 256MB PC400 (C3) Rs. 1,200/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR RAM 512MB PC400 (C3) Rs. 1,800/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 FB DIMM 1.0 GB PC 533 Rs. 4,300/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 FB DIMM 2GB PC667 Rs. 7,900/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 FB DIMM 4GB PC667 Rs. 14,000/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 RAM 1GB PC667 Rs. 2,400/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 RAM 256MB PC667 Rs. 900/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 RAM 2GB PC667 Rs. 4,200/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 RAM 512MB PC667 Rs. 1,400/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 SO RAM 1GB PC667 FOR NOTEBOOK Rs. 2,400/-
Kingston Memory KINGSTON DDR2 SO RAM 2GB PC667 FOR NOTEBOOK Rs. 4,300/-

Hard drive Prices

Brand Category Item Title Price
Maxtor Hard Drive MAXTOR 160 GB PORTABLE (5400 RPM BLACK 2.5 & USB 2.0 2MB CACHE) STM. 901601EHM301-RK (3 YEARS WARRANTY) Rs. 5,200/-
Seagate Hard Drive 1000 GB SATA II (NCQ 3.0GB/S HOT PLAGGABLE 32 MB CACHE ST.31000340NS) Rs. 16,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 1000 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (32MB CACHE ST.31000333AS) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 9,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 146 GB SAS HARD DRIVE 3GB/S 15000 RPM (ST.3146855SS) Rs. 24,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 146 GB SCSI CHEETAH (68 & 80 PINS 15000 RPM) Ultra 320 SCSI Rs. 23,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 1500 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (32MB CACHE ST.31500341AS) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 14,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 160 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (8MB CACHE) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 4,100/-
Seagate Hard Drive 2000 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (32MB CACHE ST.32000542AS) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 25,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 250 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (8MB CACHE) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 4,200/-
Seagate Hard Drive 300 GB SAS HARD DRIVE 3GB/S 15000 RPM (ST.3300655SS) Rs. 42,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 300 GB SCSI CHEETAH (80 PINS 15000 RPM) Ultra 320 SCSI (3300655LC) Rs. 41,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 320 GB IDE BARRACUDA ULTRA ATA/100 (7200 RPM 8MB CACHE) Rs. 5,600/-
Seagate Hard Drive 320 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (16MB CACHE) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 4,600/-
Seagate Hard Drive 500 GB SATA II (NCQ 3.0GB/S HOT PLAGGABLE (32MB CACHE ST.3500320NS) Rs. 9,700/-
Seagate Hard Drive 500 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (16MB CACHE) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 5,300/-
Seagate Hard Drive 73 GB SAS HARD DRIVE 3GB/S 15000 RPM (ST.373455SS) Rs. 17,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 73 GB SCSI CHEETAH (68 & 80 PINS 15000 RPM) Ultra 320 SCSI Rs. 17,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 750 GB SATA II (NCQ 3.0GB/S HOT PLAGGABLE (32 MB CACHE ST.3750330NS) Rs. 14,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 750 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (32MB CACHE ST.3750330AS) + SATA POWER CABLE Rs. 7,200/-
Seagate Hard Drive 8 GB (IDE) TAPE BACKUP DRIVE STT 28000 N-RFT SCSI Rs. 11,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive 80 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S (2MB CACHE) + SATA POWER CABLE ( 1 YEAR WARRANTY) Rs. 3,500/-
Seagate Hard Drive MAXTOR 500 GB SATA II (NCQ 3GB/S) + SATA POWER CABLE (16MB CACHE) Rs. 5,200/-
Seagate Hard Drive SAVIO 146 GB SAS 2.5 `HARD DRIVE 10000 RPM (ST.9146802SS) Rs. 24,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE 1000 GB FREE AGENT DESK EXTERNAL (7200 RPM 3.5` & USB 2.0 32 MB CACHE) ST.310005FDM201-RK Rs. 10,700/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE 250 GB ( FREE AGENT GO HDD) (5400 RPM & USB 2.0 8MB CACHE) ST. 902503FAM2E1-RK (BLACK) Rs. 6,500/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE 250 GB ( FREE AGENT GO HDD) (5400 RPM & USB 2.0 8MB CACHE) ST. 902503FGM201-RK (SILVER) Rs. 6,500/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE 320 GB ( FREE AGENT GO HDD) (5400 RPM & USB 2.0 8MB CACHE) ST. 903203FAM2E1-RK (BLACK) Rs. 7,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE 320 GB ( FREE AGENT GO HDD) (5400 RPM & USB 2.0 8MB CACHE) ST. 903203FGM201-RK (SILVER) Rs. 7,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE LAPTOP SATA II 160 GB MOMENTUS HDD (5400 RPM 8MB CACHE) Rs. 4,400/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE LAPTOP SATA II 120 GB MOMENTUS HDD (5400 RPM 8MB CACHE) Rs. 4,100/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE LAPTOP SATA II 250 GB MOMENTUS HDD (7200 RPM 16MB CACHE) Rs. 5,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive SEAGATE LAPTOP SATA II 320 GB MOMENTUS HDD (5400 RPM 8MB CACHE) Rs. 5,600/-
Seagate Hard Drive SSD DRIVE X-25M 160 GB 2.5` SATA (SSDSA2MH0160G1) Rs. 63,000/-
Seagate Hard Drive SSD DRIVE X-25M 80 GB 2.5` SATA (SSDSA2MH080G1) Rs. 33,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 1000GB SATAII7200 32 MB Cache Rs. 8,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 150 GB (GD) SATA II 10000 RPM 16MB Rs. 17,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 160 GB (AAJS) SATA 7200 8 MB Cache Rs. 4,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 160 GB (AVJB) 7200RPM 8MB Cache Rs. 4,400/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 250 GB (AAJS) SATA II7200 8 MB Cache Rs. 4,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 250 GB (BB) 7200RPM 2MB/8MB Cache Rs. 5,600/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 320 GB (JB/AAJB) 7200RPM 8MB Cache Rs. 5,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 320 GB (KS/AAKS) SATA II7200 16 MB Cache Rs. 4,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 36 GB (ADFD) SATA 10000 RPM 16MB Rs. 7,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 36 GB (GD) SATA 10000 RPM 8MB Rs. 7,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 40 GB (BD) 7200RPM 2MB Cache SATA Rs. 2,700/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 40 GB (JD) 7200RPM 8MB Cache SATA Rs. 2,900/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 400 GB (KB/AAKB) 7200RPM 8MB Cache Rs. 6,700/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 500 GB (AAKB) 7200RPM 16MB Cache Rs. 7,700/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 500 GB (KS/AAKS) SATA II7200 16 MB Cache Rs. 5,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive 80 GB (AAJS) 7200RPM 8MB Cache SATA Rs. 3,600
Western Digital Hard Drive External 1000 GB /Combo USB/FW 400 & 800 /My Book Pro-2T WDG2TP10000E Rs. 31,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 1000 GB /USB 2.0/FIREWIRE 400 & 800/ My Book Studio Edition 2 WDH2Q10000E Rs. 19,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 1000 GB /USB 2.0/Gigabit Ethernet / My Book World Edition-2 WDH1NC10000E Rs. 19,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 1000 GB /USB 2.0/My Book Essential WDH1U10000E Rs. 12,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 2000 GB /USB 2.0/FIREWIRE 400 & 800/ My Book Studio Edition 2 WDH2Q20000E Rs. 27,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 250 GB /USB 2.0 Passport size/WDME2500TE BLACL COLOR Rs. 6,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 250 GB /USB 2.0/FIREWIREMy Book Premium WDG1C2500E Rs. 7,400/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 320 GB /USB 2.0 Passport size/WDME3200TE BLACK COLOR Rs. 6,900/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 320 GB /USB 2.0 Passport size/WDME3200TE BLUE COLOR Rs. 7,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 320 GB /USB 2.0/My Book Essential WDH1U3200E Rs. 8,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 500 GB /USB 2.0 Passport size/WDME5000TE BLACK COLOR Rs. 9,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 500 GB /USB 2.0/FIREWIRE 400/eSATA/ My Book Home Edition WDG1CS500E Rs. 10,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 500 GB /USB 2.0/Gigabit Ethernet /My Book World Edition WDG1NC5000E Rs. 14,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 500 GB /USB 2.0/My Book Essential WDH1U500E Rs. 7,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive External 750 GB /USB 2.0/My Book Essential WDH1U7500E Rs. 11,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 1000GB 1001FALS 32MB CAVIAR BLACK 32MB CACHE Rs. 10,900/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 1000GB EACS CAVIAR GREEN (16 MB CACHE) Rs. 8,900/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 1000GB EADS CAVIAR GREEN (32 MB CACHE) Rs. 9,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 120GB BB 2MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 4,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 120GB BEVE 8MB CACHE 5400RPM Rs. 5,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 1500GB EADS CAVIAR GREEN (32 MB CACHE) Rs. 13,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 160GB AABS 2MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 160GB AAJB 8MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 4,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 160GB AAJS 8MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,100/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 160GB BB 2MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 4,400/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 160GB BEVE 8MB CACHE 5400RPM Rs. 6,400/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 160GB BEVT 8MB CACHE 5400RPM SATA Rs. 4,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 2000GB EADS CAVIAR GREEN (32 MB CACHE) Rs. 22,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 200GB AAJS 8MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,100/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 250GB AAJB 8MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 5,700/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 250GB AAJS 8MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 250GB AAKS 16MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 250GB BB 2MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 5,600/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 250GB BEVT 8MB CACHE 5400RPM SATA Rs. 4,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 300GB JS 8MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 320GB AAJB 8MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 6,100/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 320GB AAKS 16MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,400/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 320GB BEVT 8MB CACHE 5400RPM SATA Rs. 5,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 320GB JS/AAJS 8MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 4,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 400GB AAKB 16MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 7,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 400GB KS/AAKS 16MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 5,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 40GB BEAS 2MB CACHE 5400RPM SATA Rs. 3,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 500GB 5001AALS 32MB CAVIAR BLACK 32MB CACHE Rs. 6,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 500GB AADS CAVIAR GREEN Rs. 5,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 500GB AAKB 16MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 7,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 500GB ABYS 16MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII RAID EDITION Rs. 9,600/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 500GB BEVT 8MB CACHE 5400RPM SATA Rs. 8,400/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 500GB KS/AAKS 16MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 5,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 60GB UE 2MB CACHE 5400RPM Rs. 4,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 640GB AACS CAVIAR GREEN Rs. 5,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 750GB AADS CAVIAR GREEN (32 MB CACHE) Rs. 6,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 750GB ABYS 16MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII RAID EDITION Rs. 13,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 80GB AAJB 8MB CACHE 7200RPM EIDE Rs. 4,100/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 80GB BD 2MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 3,600/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 80GB BEVE 8MB CACHE 5400RPM Rs. 5,100/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD 80GB JD 8MB CACHE 7200RPM SATAII Rs. 3,600/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD ELEMENTS DESKTOP HDD 1000 GB (WDE1UBK10000E) Rs. 10,900/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD ELEMENTS PORTABLE HDD 250GB (WDBAAR2500ABK) Rs. 6,100/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD ELEMENTS PORTABLE HDD 320GB (WDBAAR3200ABK) Rs. 6,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD ELEMENTS PORTABLE HDD 500GB (WDBAAR5000ABK) Rs. 8,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK 1000GB (WDH1B10000E) Rs. 14,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK 1000GB (WDH1Q10000E) Rs. 15,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK 1000GB (WDH1U10000E) Rs. 12,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK 1000GB (WDH2Q10000E) Rs. 16,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK 2000GB (WDH2Q20000E) Rs. 27,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK 2000GB (WDH2U20000E) Rs. 23,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK 500GB (WDH1U5000E) Rs. 8,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK WORLD EDITION 1000GB (WDH1NC10000E) Rs. 18,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK WORLD EDITION 2000GB (WDH1NC20000E) Rs. 26,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD MY BOOK WORLD EDITION 2000GB (WDH2NC20000E) Rs. 30,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD PASSPORT 250GB (WDME2500TE) Rs. 6,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD PASSPORT 320GB (WDME3200TE) Rs. 7,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD PASSPORT 320GB (WDMES3200TE) SILVER Rs. 7,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD PASSPORT 320GB (WDMEW3200TE) ARCTIC WHITE Rs. 7,300/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD PASSPORT 500GB (WDME5000TE) Rs. 9,600/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD PASSPORT 500GB (WDML5000TE) TITANIUM Rs. 10,600/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD Raptor 150GB (ADFD) SATA 10000 RPM Rs. 16,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD SHARE SPACE NETWORK STORAGE SYSTEM 4000GB (WDA4NC40000E) Rs. 66,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD VelociRaptor 150GB (HLFS) SATA 10000 RPM Rs. 16,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD VelociRaptor 300GB (HLFS) SATA 10000 RPM Rs. 22,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD1200BEVE 2.5` for Notebooks/120GB/8MB/IDE/5400RPM Rs. 5,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD1200BEVS 2.5` for Notebooks/120GB/8MB/SATA/5400RPM Rs. 4,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD1600BEVE 2.5` for Notebooks/160GB/8MB/IDE/5400RPM Rs. 6,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD1600BEVS 2.5` for Notebooks/160GB/8MB/SATA/5400RPM Rs. 4,200/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD2500BEVE 2.5` for Notebooks/250GB/8MB/IDE/5400RPM Rs. 8,000/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD2500BEVT 2.5` for Notebooks/250GB/8MB/SATA/5400RPM Rs. 4,800/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD3200BEVT 2.5` for Notebooks/320GB/8MB/SATA/5400RPM Rs. 5,500/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD5000BEVT 2.5` for Notebooks/500GB/8MB/SATA/5400RPM Rs. 8,400/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD800BEVS 2.5` for Notebooks/80GB/8MB/SATA/5400RPM Rs. 3,900/-
Western Digital Hard Drive WD800EVE 2.5` for Notebooks/80GB/8MB/IDE/5400RPM Rs. 4,700/-

Prices for HP Color Printers- Karachi, Pakistan

HP Printers COLOR LASERJET 4700DN PRINTER Rs. 219,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET 4700N PRINTER Rs. 175,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET 5550 A3 SIZE PRINTER Rs. 263,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET 5550DN A3 SIZE PRINTER Rs. 308,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP1215 PRINTER Rs. 30,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP1515N PRINTER Rs. 38,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP1518NI PRINTER Rs. 41,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP2025 PRINTER Rs. 61,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP2025DN PRINTER Rs. 77,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP2025N PRINTER Rs. 66,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP2025X PRINTER Rs. 87,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP3525 PRINTER Rs. 86,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP3525DN PRINTER Rs. 130,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP3525N PRINTER Rs. 98,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP4005DN PRINTER Rs. 161,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP4005N PRINTER Rs. 142,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP6015DN A3 SIZE PRINTER Rs. 380,000/-
HP Printers COLOR LASERJET CP6015N A3 SIZE PRINTER Rs. 340,000/-
HP Printers DESKJET D1560 PRINTER Rs. 40,000/-
HP Printers DESKJET D1660 PRINTER Rs. 2,800/-
HP Printers DESKJET D4360 PRINTER Rs. 6,500/-
HP Printers HP 19` LCD (3 YEARS WARRANTY) - L1908W Rs. 13,000/-
HP Printers HP 22` LCD (3 YEARS WARRANTY) - LE2201W Rs. 19,000/-
HP Printers HP BLUETOOTH CARD FOR DJ 460CB Rs. 7,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 2820 PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER Rs. 65,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 2840 PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER/FAX Rs. 81,000/-
HP Printers HP Color LaserJet 3000 Printer Rs. 98,000/-
HP Printers HP Color LaserJet 3000dn Printer Rs. 130,000/-
HP Printers HP Color LaserJet 3000n Printer Rs. 112,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 3550 Printer Rs. 72,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 3600 Printer Rs. 61,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 3600N Printer Rs. 58,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET 4005DN Rs. 160,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET 4005N Rs. 142,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 4700DN Printer Rs. 206,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET 4700DTN Call for Price
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET 4700N Rs. 167,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 4700N Printer Rs. 165,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET 5550 (A3 SIZE) Rs. 246,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET 5550 DN Rs. 297,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET 5550 DTN Call for Price
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 5550 Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 246,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 5550DN Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 295,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet 5550DTN Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 418,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CM1312 MFP PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER Rs. 48,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CM1312nfi MFP PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER/FAX Rs. 64,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CM2320fxi MFP PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER /FAX / AUTO DUPLEXER Call for Price
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CM2320n MFP PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER Call for Price
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CM2320nf MFP PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER /FAX Call for Price
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP1215 Printer Rs. 25,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP1515N Printer Rs. 32,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP1518NI Printer Rs. 40,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP2025 Printer Rs. 60,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP2025dn Printer Rs. 74,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP2025n Printer Rs. 62,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP2025x Printer Rs. 84,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP3505 Printer Rs. 80,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP3505dn Printer Rs. 138,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP3505n Printer Rs. 97,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET CP3525 Rs. 85,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP3525 Printer Rs. 83,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET CP3525DN Rs. 131,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP3525dn Printer Rs. 127,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET CP3525N Rs. 96,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP3525n Printer Rs. 96,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP4005dn Printer Rs. 158,000/-
HP Printers HP Color Laserjet CP4005n Printer Rs. 141,000/-
HP Printers HP Color LaserJet CP6015dn Printer Rs. 367,000/-
HP Printers HP Color LaserJet CP6015n Printer Rs. 329,000/-
HP Printers HP Color LaserJet CP6015x Printer Rs. 526,000/-
HP Printers HP Color LaserJet CP6015xh Printer Rs. 574,000/-
HP Printers HP COLOR LASERJET4700DN Rs. 208,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 1300N Printer Rs. 35,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 1320 Printer Rs. 19,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 1320N Printer Rs. 41,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 2420 Printer Rs. 46,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 2420DN Printer Rs. 73,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 2420N Printer Rs. 59,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 3330 Printer Rs. 40,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4000 Printer Rs. 48,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4015n Printer Rs. 132,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4015tn Printer Rs. 156,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4015x Printer Rs. 182,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4050 Printer Rs. 57,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4100 Printer Rs. 64,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4100DTN Printer Rs. 130,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4250 Printer Rs. 75,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4300 Printer Call for Price
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4350N Printer Rs. 117,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4515n Printer Rs. 150,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4515tn Printer Rs. 171,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 4515X Printer Rs. 200,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 5100 Printer Rs. 105,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 5100TN Printer Rs. 141,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 5200 Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 100,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 5200DTN Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 193,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 5200L Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 80,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 5200N Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 132,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 5200TN Printer (A3 SIZE) Rs. 165,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 9040 Printer Rs. 237,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 9040dn Printer Rs. 306,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 9040n Printer Rs. 270,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 9050 Printer Rs. 330,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 9050dn Printer Rs. 393,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet 9050N Printer Rs. 362,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet M1319F MFP PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER/FAX Rs. 27,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet M1522N MFP PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER Rs. 29,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet M1522NF MFP PRINTER / FAX / COPIER / SCANNER Rs. 36,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet M2727NF MFP PRINTER / FAX / COPIER / SCANNER Rs. 57,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P1005 Printer Rs. 9,100/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P1505 Printer Rs. 18,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P1505n Printer Rs. 33,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P2035 Printer Rs. 24,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P2035n Printer Rs. 33,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P2055d Printer Rs. 26,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P2055dn Printer Rs. 46,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P3005 Printer Rs. 55,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P3005d Printer Rs. 67,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P3005DN Printer Rs. 90,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P3005N Printer Rs. 75,000/-
HP Printers HP Laserjet P3005x Printer Rs. 111,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P3015 Printer Rs. 59,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P3015d Printer Rs. 68,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P3015dn Printer Rs. 90,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P3015x Printer Rs. 113,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P4014 Printer Rs. 94,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P4015n Printer Rs. 130,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P4015tn Printer Rs. 155,000/-
HP Printers HP LaserJet P4015x Printer Rs. 188,000/-
HP Printers HP OFFICEJET 6000 PRINTER Rs. 14,000/-
HP Printers HP Officejet J3608 PRINTER / FAX / COPIER / SCANNER / PHONE Rs. 7,700/-
HP Printers HP Officejet J4660 PRINTER / FAX / COPIER / SCANNER / PHONE Rs. 10,000/-
HP Printers HP OfficeJet L7590 PRINTER / FAX / COPIER / SCANNER Call for Price
HP Printers HP OFFICEJET PRO 8500 AIO PRINTER Rs. 35,000/-
HP Printers HP OfficeJet Pro H470b MOBILE PRINTER Rs. 24,000/-
HP Printers HP OfficeJet Pro K5300 / COLOR A4+ PRINTER Rs. 12,000/-
HP Printers HP OfficeJet Pro K5400dn / COLOR A4+ PRINTER Rs. 16,000/-
HP Printers HP OfficeJet Pro K7100 / COLOR A3+ PRINTER Rs. 19,000/-
HP Printers HP OfficeJet Pro K8000 / COLOR A4+ PRINTER Rs. 15,000/-
HP Printers HP OfficeJet Pro L7380 PRINTER/FAX/COPIER/SCANNER Rs. 25,000/-
HP Printers HP Photo smart C4480 PRINTER / COPIER / SCANNER Rs. 10,500/-
HP Printers HP PhotoSmart 7960 Printer Rs. 18,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET 5200 A3 SIZE PRINTER Rs. 103,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET 5200L A3 SIZE PRINTER Rs. 83,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET 5200N A3 SIZE PRINTER Rs. 134,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P1005 PRINTER Rs. 10,500/-
HP Printers LASERJET P2035 PRINTER Rs. 25,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P2035N PRINTER Rs. 33,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P2055D Rs. 26,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P2055DN Rs. 44,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3005 PRINTER Rs. 56,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3005D PRINTER Rs. 67,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3005N PRINTER Rs. 75,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3005X PRINTER Rs. 112,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3015 PRINTER Rs. 59,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3015D PRINTER Rs. 69,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3015DN PRINTER Rs. 90,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P3015X PRINTER Rs. 113,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P4014 PRINTER Rs. 97,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P4015N PRINTER Rs. 131,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P4015TN PRINTER Rs. 156,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P4515N PRINTER Rs. 152,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P4515TN PRINTER Rs. 175,000/-
HP Printers LASERJET P4515X PRINTER Rs. 206,000/-
HP Printers OFFICEJET H470B MOBILE PRINTER Rs. 24,000/-
HP Printers OFFICEJET K7100 PRINTER (A3 SIZE) Rs. 20,000/-
HP Printers OFFICEJET PRO 8000 NETWORK / DUPLEXER PRINTER Rs. 16,000/-
HP Printers PHOTOSMART A310 COMPACT PHOTO Rs. 7,300/-
HP Printers PHOTOSMART D5460 Rs. 10,700/-

Prices for Acer Products - LCD Products - Karachi, Pakistan

Brand Category Item Title Price
Acer LCD Acer F 19” LCD, CrystalBrite, DVI, AV, TV Tuner (PAL / SECAM) , Remote Rs. 33,000/-
Acer LCD Acer F 22” Ferrari LCD, CrystalBrite, DVI, HDMI, 2ms Response Rs. 27,000/-
Acer LCD H243XBM 24” Wide, Glossy, DVI, HDMI, Multimedia, 40,000:1 Contrast Ratio, 2MS Response, Built in Mic, Webcam, USB port , Touch Sensor, 1,920 x 1,080 Resolution, Tilt, Full HD Rs. 30,000/-
Acer LCD P235H 23” Wide screen LCD, Black, Full HD, DVI Rs. 25,000/-
Acer LCD V193HQB 18.5” Wide Screen, Black, non MM, 5MS Response Time , 10,000:1 Contrast Ratio, 1,366 x 768 Resolution Rs. 12,000/-
Acer LCD V193Wb 19” Black Wide Screen Non Multimedia 5MS Response Rs. 12,000/-
Acer LCD V223W 22” Black Wide screen LCD Non MM LCD 5MS Response Rs. 17,000/-
Acer LCD X193HQB 18.5” Wide Screen, Black, non MM, 5MS Response Time Rs. 11,000/-
Acer LCD X2023HBM 20” Wide Screen, Black, Multimedia, 5MS Response Time Rs. 14,000/-
Asus LCD 17` VW171D Wide Screen Black Rs. 13,000/-
Compaq LCD Compaq 15.6` Wide LCD with Speakers - CQ1569 Rs. 9,700/-
Compaq LCD Compaq 18.5` Wide LCD with Speakers - W185Q Rs. 12,000/-
Compaq LCD Compaq 20` Wide LCD with Speakers - Q2009 Rs. 14,000/-
Compaq LCD Compaq 2009 20” Widescreen Multimedia LCD (FV297AA) Viewable Area: 20 inch widescreen,Max Resolution: 1600 x 900 @ 60 Hz,Contrast Ratio: 1000:1,Viewing Angle: 160 o H / 160 o V Rs. 14,000/-
DELL LCD DELL E1709w 17` LCD FLAT PANEL Rs. 13,000/-
DELL LCD DELL E1709w 17` LCD FLAT PANEL Rs. 12,000/-
DELL LCD DELL E1909w 19` LCD FLAT PANEL Rs. 13,000/-
DELL LCD DELL E1909w 19` LCD FLAT PANEL Rs. 14,000/-
DELL LCD DELL S2009WFP 20` WIDE SCREEN FLAT PANEL Rs. 15,000/-
DELL LCD DELL S2309WFP 23` LCD - FULL HD WIDE SCREEN Rs. 21,000/-
DELL LCD DELL S2409W 24` LCD - FULL HD WIDE SCREEN FLAT PANEL Rs. 26,000/-
HP LCD HP 17` LCD (3 YEARS WARRANTY) - L1710 Rs. 13,000/-
HP LCD HP 1859m,Viewable Area: 18.5 inch widescreen,Max Resolution: 1366 x 768 @ 60 Hz,Video Inputs: DVI + VGA Connector,Contrast Ratio: 1000:1,Viewing Angle: 160H / 160V,Response Time: 5ms,Pixel Pitch: 0.300 mm,Brightness: 300 nits (cd/m2) Rs. 13,000/-
HP LCD HP 19` LCD (3 YEARS WARRANTY) - L1908W Rs. 13,000/-
HP LCD HP 22` LCD (3 YEARS WARRANTY) - LE2201W Rs. 19,000/-
HP LCD HP L1710, Viewable Area: 17 inch diagonal,Max Resolution: 1280 x 1024 @ 60 Hz,Contrast Ratio: 800:1,Viewing Angle: 140,H / 130V,Response Time: 5ms,Pixel Pitch: 0.264 mm,Brightness: 300 nits (cd/m2),Warranty: 3 Years Rs. 13,000/-
HP LCD HP L2045W, Viewable Area: 20.1 inch widescreen ,Resolution: 1680 x 1050 @ 60 Hz ,Contrast Ratio: 1000:1,Viewing Angle: 160 ,Response Time: 5ms ,Pixel Pitch: 0.258 mm ,Brightness: 300 nits (cd/m2),Rotation: Tilt Rs. 27,000/-
HP LCD HP L2208w LCD Monitor Rs. 20,000/-
HP LCD HP L2208W, Viewable Area: 22 inch widescreen ,Resolution: 1680 x 1050 @ 60 Hz (WSXGA+) ,Contrast Ratio: 1000:1 ,Response Time: 5ms ,Pixel Pitch: 0.282 mm ,Brightness: 300 nits (cd/m2) Rs. 19,000/-
HP LCD HP Pavilion 17` Wide LCD with Speakers - w1707 Rs. 12,000/-
HP LCD HP Pavilion 18.5` Wide LCD with Speakers - 1859M Rs. 12,000/-
HP LCD HP Pavilion 18.5` Wide LCD with Speakers - W185 Rs. 12,000/-
HP LCD HP Pavilion 20` Wide LCD with Speakers - H2009F Rs. 16,000/-
HP LCD HP Pavilion 20` Wide LCD with Speakers - W2007 Rs. 16,000/-
HP LCD HP Pavilion 23` Wide LCD with Speakers - 2309m Rs. 25,000/-
LG LCD 15.6” Flatron LCD Monitor W1642S Rs. 9,400/-
LG LCD 15` LCD (Touch Screen)1510SF Call for Price
LG LCD 17.1” LCD (Touch Screen)L1730SF Rs. 31,000/-
LG LCD 17” Flatron LCD Monitor L177WSB-PF Rs. 12,000/-
LG LCD 19” Flatron LCD Monitor W1942S-PF Rs. 13,000/-
LG LCD 19” Flatron LCD Monitor W1952S Call for Price
LG LCD 20” Flatron LCD Monitor (New)W2052s Rs. 17,000/-
LG LCD 20” Flatron LCD Monitor W2042S Rs. 17,000/-
LG LCD 22” Flatron LCD Monitor W2242S Rs. 18,000/-
Philips LCD PHILIPS 16”LCD 160E1SB (BLACK)LEADFREE S. CONTRAST RATIO 6000:1–5MS–20WATTS POWER CONS.1366X 768 WIDE LCD HIGH DEFINITION - OFF MODE POWER < 0.5W Rs. 9,900/-
Philips LCD PHILIPS 17”LCD 170S9FB (BLACK)LEADFREE CONTRAST RATIO 800:1–5MS–36WATTS POWER CONS.1280X 1024 SQUARE LCD - DVI PORT Call for Price
Philips LCD PHILIPS 19.1”LCD 190CW9FB GLOSSY (BLACK)LEAD FREE -DVI PORT- USB PORT WIDE SCREEN – 12000:1 -DVI PORT – 2MS - 36WATTS POWERCONS. 1440X 900 Rs. 12,000/-
Philips LCD PHILIPS 19.1”LCD 190SW8FB (BLACK)LEAD FREE DVI PORT WIDE SCREEN – 800:1 -DVI PORT – 5MS - 36WATTS POWERCONS. 1440X 900 Rs. 14,000/-
Philips LCD PHILIPS 19”LCD 190BW9CB (BLACK)LEAD FREE- WIDE SCREEN – 36WATTS POWERCONS. HD 1680X1050 - MULTIMEDIA - TILTING HEIGHT ADJUSTABLE BASE - 10000:1 SMART CONTRAST RATIO - USB PORT - DVI PORT - OFF MODE POWER <0.8W Rs. 15,000/-
Philips LCD PHILIPS 19”LCD 190S8FB (BLK)LEAD FREE – 800:1 -1280X1024 – 35 WATTS CONSUMPTION LEAD FREE -DVI PORT Rs. 18,000/-

Prices for LG Products - Monitors Products - Karachi, Pakistan

Brand Category Item Title Price
LG Monitors 17” Flatron CRT Monitor T713SH-BN Rs. 7,500/-
Viewsonic Monitors 15` Semi Flat E50c+SB Rs. 6,600/-
Viewsonic Monitors 19` Perfect Flat E96f SB Professional Ultra Bright Rs. 11,000/-
Viewsonic Monitors 19` Perfect Flat G90f B Graphic Series Rs. 12,000/-
Viewsonic Monitors VIEWSONIC 15` E-50CSB Rs. 6,600/-
Viewsonic Monitors VIEWSONIC 17` E76F+SB (ULTRA BRIGHT) SILVER BLACK Rs. 8,600/-
Viewsonic Monitors VIEWSONIC 19` E96F+SB (ULTRA BRIGHT) Rs. 11,000/-
Viewsonic Monitors VIEWSONIC 19` G90fB Rs. 12,000/-
Viewsonic Monitors VIEWSONIC 22` G220f FLAT SCREEN Rs. 33,000/-
Viewsonic Monitors VIEWSONIC 22` P225F FLAT SCREEN Rs. 37,000/-

1

Pricing from Continental Establishment
Tel: 021-2634308, 2627427
Karachi, Pakistan

Latest computer prices in pakistan

Acer
Desktops
Acer Aspire Revo 3600 Intel Atom N230 (1.6GHz) 2GB DDR II 160GB HDD 802.11g Wireless LAN / Wired LAN NO Optical Drive / NO Modem 5 x USB / HDMI / 5 in 1 Card Reader eSATA Port / VGA Port Genuine® Vista Home Premium
Rs. 37,000/-


Acer
Desktops
Acer EZ1600 Intel Atom N270 (1.6GHz) Intel 945GSE Chipset Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator VGA 160GB SATA HDD 1GB DDR DVD Super Multi Multi Card Reader PS/2 Keyboard and PS/2 Optical Mouse
Rs. 46,000/-


Acer
Desktops
Acer Veriton 1000 / Core™ 2 Duo / V PRO / Full Specification Intel® Core™ 2 DUO, E6300 (1.86GHz / 1066FSB / 2MB Cache) Intel Q965 + ICH8DO chipset 1GB DDR II SO – DIMM Maximum supporting up to 2GB DDR II
Rs. 47,000/-


Compaq
Desktops
Compaq CQ2201L, Atom 330 1.6GHz, 1GB DDR2, 250GB SATA, DVD-ROM, Card reader,Keyboard, Mouse, Dos
Rs. 26,000


Compaq
Desktops
Compaq Presario CQ3011L, PDC E5200 2.5GHz, 1GB DDR2, 250GB SATA, DVD-ROM, 6 in 1 Card Reader, Keyboard, Mouse, Dos
Rs. 32,000/-


DELL
Desktops
VOSTRO 220MT,C2D E7400 2.80 Ghz, 2GB DDR2-800, 250 GB SATA, DVD/RW, GRAPHICS
Rs. 47,000/


HP
Desktops
HP COMPAQ dx2390MT, C2D E7400 - 2.80 Ghz, 1GB DDR2-800, 250 GB SATA, DVD/RW, KB/MOUSE, DOS (KM635AV)
Rs. 40,000/-


HP
Desktops
HP COMPAQ dx2390MT, PD E5200 - 2.50 Ghz, 1GB DDR2-800, 250 GB SATA, DVD/RW, KB/MOUSE, DOS (KM635AV)
Rs. 34,000/


HP
Desktops
Intel Pentium Dual-Core E5200 Processor (2.5 GHz) Free dos OS, Intel G31 chipset 1GB PC2-6400 (DDR2-800) memory 250 GB SATA
Rs. 34,000/


HP
Desktops
HP Dx7500 (FN839AV)C2D E7400 Processor(2.8GHz,1066MHz FSB, 3MB Cache)1 GB DDR2 RAM /250GB HDD /DVD-RW /Graphics Media Accelerator X4500HD /Intel WG82567V Gigabit NIC /Keyboard /Mouse /DOS
Rs. 43,000/-

Kingston's DataTraveler USB Flash Drive

Meet The DataTraveler Family
Kingston's DataTraveler USB Flash Drive is the latest in portable flash memory storage from the greatest name in memory. Reliable and easy to use, it's the choice of corporations and consumers alike for securely storing, carrying and transferring important digital files.


Type of USB Primary User Special Features Capacities† Read/Write Speed Colors Part Numbers

DataTraveler 300 Standard Consumer
SMB Enhanced for Windows ReadyBoost**, Password Traveler security software for Windows, No admin rights, Capless design 256GB 20MB/sec read
10MB/sec write Black DT300/xGB
Available in select regions only

DataTraveler 200 Standard Consumer
SMB Enhanced for Windows ReadyBoost**
Password Traveler security software for Windows
No admin rights
Capless design
Co-Logo available 32GB-128GB 20MB/sec read
10MB/sec write 32GB Blue & black
64GB Yellow & black
128GB Black DT200/xGB

DataTraveler 112 Standard Consumer Works with Windows Vista™
Capless design
Range of colors
Co-Logo available 4GB-32GB 4GB, 8GB: standard
16GB, 32GB: 10MB/sec read, 10MB/sec write 4GB - Black & blue
8GB - Black & red
16GB - Black & white
32GB - Black & yellow DT112/xGB

DataTraveler Generation 2 (G2) Standard Consumer Works with Windows Vista™
Capless design
Range of colors
Co-Logo available 4GB-32GB 4GB, 8GB: standard
16GB, 32GB: 10MB/sec read, 10MB/sec write 4GB Yellow
8GB Cyan
16GB Red
32GB Dark Green/Black DTIG2/xGB
Available in select regions only

DataTraveler Standard Consumer Range of colors, Works with Windows Vista™ Co-Logo available 4GB-32GB 4GB, 8GB: standard
16GB, 32GB: 10MB/sec read, 10MB/sec write 4GB - Purple
8GB - Black
16GB - Dark Red
32GB - Orange DTI/xGB
Available in select regions only

DataTraveler 101 Standard Consumer Works with Windows Vista™
Caplesss swivel design
Range of colors
Co-Logo available 4GB-16GB 4GB, 8GB: standard
16GB: 10MB/sec read, 10MB/sec write Cyan
Pink
Yellow DT101C/xGB
DT101N/xGB
DT101Y/xGB

DataTraveler 102 Standard Consumer Works with Windows Vista™
Range of colors
Compact design 4GB-32GB 4GB, 8GB: standard
16GB, 32GB: 10MB/sec read, 10MB/sec write 4GB – Neon Yellow
8GB - Blue
16GB - White
32GB - Black DT102/xGB

DataTraveler 100 Standard Consumer Works with Windows Vista™
Capless design 4GB-32GB 4GB, 8GB: standard
16GB, 32GB: 10MB/sec read, 10MB/sec write Black DT100/xGB
Available in select regions only

DataTraveler mini10 Standard Consumer Works with Windows Vista™
Range of colors
Mini size
Capless design 4GB-32GB Standard 4GB – Red
8GB - Blue
16GB – Forest Green
32GB - Gray DTM10/xGB

DataTraveler 410 Standard Consumer Capacities up to 32GB,
Password protection (SecureTraveler)
Enhanced for Windows ReadyBoost**,
swivel design, Co-Logo available 4GB-32GB N/A Black DT410/xGB
Temporarily unavailable

DataTraveler Locker Standard Consumer Works with Windows Vista,
Secure (Privacy Zone),
Protection software (Dt Encryptor),
Swivel design,
Co-Logo available 4GB-16GB Standard Gray DTL/xGB

DataTraveler Vault 256-AES Encrypted Enterprise 256-AES hardware-based encryption, Assembled in the USA, TAA compliant, File access protection software (DTVaultLock), Waterproof, Co-Logo available 2GB - 32GB Up to 24MB/sec
Up to 10MB/sec Blue DTV/xxx

DataTraveler Vault - Privacy Edition 256-AES Encrypted Enterprise 100% encrypted zone, Assembled in the USA, TAA compliant, Enforced complex password, Waterproof, Co-Logo available 2GB - 32GB Up to 24MB/sec
Up to 10MB/sec Blue DTVP/xxx

DataTraveler BlackBox
FIPS 140-2 Level 2 FIPS 140-2 Validated, 256-AES Encrypted Government 100% encrypted zone, FIPS 140-2 Level 2, Enforced complex password, Tamper evident, Waterproof, Co-Logo available 2GB - 8GB Up to 24MB/sec
Up to 20MB/sec
Black DTBB/xxx

Foxconn Intel i945/i955 Dual Core Motherboards

Introduction



Today, Legit Reviews takes a look at a trio of boards from Foxconn based on Intel's 955X and 945 chipsets. First up is the 955X based 955X7AA, Foxconn's flagship board. Then we tackle Foxconn's very able 945P based board, the 945P7AA, and lastly we take a look at their 945G based micro-ATX board the 945G7MA, which features Intel's integrated Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) .

"The Foxconn 955X7AA-8KS2, a motherboard with extreme performance capabilities, coupled with Intel's new Extreme Edition processor, ensures an exceptional user experience, especially in the entertainment environment. The 955X7AA-8KS2, which features support for an unprecedented 8GB of DDR2-667 memory, is ready for current and future 64-bit operating systems. It provides the ability to process higher quality audio and video, as well as do high speed 3D rendering. It includes dual Broadcom Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) LAN ports, allowing extremely fast local area network interaction while concurrently surfing the Internet at the highest possible speed. With one IEEE-1394b port, capable of data transfer rates up to 800Mbps, and two IEEE-1394a ports, this board supports communication with today's fastest multimedia equipment. And, as a motherboard full of innovations and rich features, it supports the industry's latest drive technology, Serial ATA II, doubling hard drive bus bandwidth for blazingly fast disk performance. In total there are eight SATA connectors, four SATA II and four SATA. RAID 0, 1, 0+1, 5, 10, Intel Matrix Storage Technology are supported by the 4 SATA/300 ports coming off the ICH7. In addition, the board includes support for up to four ATA /133 drives with RAID. The ability to securely store your precious data while speeding up data writing and reading rates has never been higher. Further, the Foxconn 955X7AA-8EKRS2 fully supports Intel's Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), saving power when processor loading is at reduced levels. In a word this high-performance, leading-edge platform, is the ULTIMATE choice for high-end gamers and enthusiasts.


The Foxconn 945P7AA-8KS2 and 945G7MA-8KS2 support 800MHz and 1066MHz system bus speeds, dual-channel, 667MHz, DDR2 SDRAM, Serial ATA II with RAID 0, 1, 0+1, 5, 10, and Intel� Matrix Storage Technology. The 945P7AA also includes a dual-channel, ATA/133 controller and IDE RAID capability. RAID brings more secure storage of your precious data while increasing data writing and reading rates. The 945G7MA incorporates Intel's new Graphics Media Accelerator 950 (GMA950) graphics processor. With the GMA950 users will get incredible graphics, vivid colors, high-definition video and audio, and more. They will be able to stream multiple music sources to different rooms over a home network or watch, record, and pause live TV on their computers.

The Foxconn 945P7AA-8KS2 and 945G7MA-8KS2 are optimized for use with Hyper-Threading Technology-capable Intel processors, allowing faster multitasking and greater productivity. Faster access to data, aggressive protection of your business applications and data from viruses, hackers, and worms, and easier system maintenance are all afforded with these new Foxconn motherboards. You can do more in less time, propelling greater productivity and responsiveness in the home and in your business. In addition, when coupled with appropriate Intel processors, these great, new Foxconn motherboards support the latest in power saving, Intel's Enhanced Intel� SpeedStep Technology (EIST)."

While Foxconn has never been mentioned in the same breath as ASUS or DFI when it comes to the enthusiast crowd, their 925XE7AA-8EKRS2 was well recieved, and proved to be a pretty damn good performer. Could we soon see Foxconn join the motherboard elite?

Let's check out some specs before we move on to the boards themselves and some benchmarking.

Motherboard 955X7AA-8EKRS2
945P7AA-8KS2
945G7MA-8KS2

Processor Intel� Pentium� 4, Socket 775, 800/1066MHz FSB
Supports Intel Pentium D and Prescott processors
Intel Hyper-Threading Technology supported Intel� Pentium� 4, Socket 775, 533/800/1066MHz FSB
Supports Intel Pentium D, Prescott, & Celeron D processors
Intel Hyper-Threading Technology supported Intel� Pentium� 4, Socket 775, 533/800/1066MHz FSB
Supports Intel Pentium D, Prescott, & Celeron D processors
Intel Hyper-Threading Technology Supported
Chipset Intel� 955X Express + ICH7R Intel� 945P Express + ICH7R Intel� 945G Express + ICH7R
Memory Dual channel, unbuffered, 1.8V DDR2-533/667 w/ or w/o ECC; (4) 240-pin DIMM sockets, max 8GB Dual channel, unbuffered, 1.8V DDR2-533/667; (4) 240-pin DIMM sockets, max 4GB Dual channel, unbuffered, 1.8V DDR2-533/667; (4) 240-pin DIMM sockets, max 4GB
Graphics Discrete (non-integrated) - use expansion slot Discrete (non-integrated) - use expansion slot Integrated Intel� Graphics Media Accelerator 950 controller plus PCI Express x16 slot
Supports up to approx 224MB shared system memory (DVMT + fixed)
Expansion Slots 1 x PCI Express x16, 3 x PCI Express x1, 3 x PCI 1 x PCI Express x16, 2 x PCI Express x1, 3 x PCI 1 x PCI Express x16, 1 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI
IDE/ATA Support 1 x ATA/100 + 2 x ATA/133 (w/ RAID) + 4 x SATA/300 (w/ RAID) + 4 x SATA/150 (w/ RAID)
Supports RAID 0, 1, 5, 10, and Intel Matrix Storage Technology (1+0 on 2 HDDs)
Supports IDE RAID 0, 1, and 1+0
Includes second SATA RAID controller (0, 1, and 1+0) 1 x ATA/100 + 2 x ATA/133 (w/ RAID) + 4 x SATA/300 1 x ATA/100 + 1 x ATA/133 + 4 x SATA/300
Audio Integrated, 7.1 channel High Definition (Realtek) Integrated, 7.1 channel High Definition (Realtek) Integrated, 7.1 channel High Definition (Realtek)
LAN Dual integrated Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000) controllers, dual ports (Broadcom) Dual integrated Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000) controllers (Broadcom) Integrated Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000) controller (Broadcom)
IEEE-1394


USB
3 via internal headers + rear cable/bracket assemby (1 x 1394b + 1 x 1394a 4-pin + 1 x 1394a 6-pin)

Up to 8; 4 in rear I/O area + 2 internal 2-port headers; ver. 2.0
Up to 8; 4 in rear I/O area + 2 internal 2-port headers; ver. 2.0
Up to 8; 4 in rear I/O area + 2 internal 2-port headers; ver. 2.0

Rear I/O Ports 1 x PS/2 keyboard
1 x PS/2 mouse
1 x RJ45 (LAN)
4 x USB 2.0
1 x line-in/line-out/mic (audio)
1 x parallel (SPP/ECP/EPP)
1 x COM (16550-compatible UART)
Additional line-outs for 7.1 channel audio
2 x S/PDIF (1 x coax out + 1 x optical out)
2 or 4 ports USB 2.0 via cable/bracket from internal headers (shared w/ front)
3 x IEEE-1394 via cable/bracket from internal headers (shared w/ front) 1 x PS/2 keyboard
1 x PS/2 mouse
1 x RJ45 (LAN)
4 x USB 2.0
1 x line-in/line-out/mic (audio)
1 x parallel (SPP/ECP/EPP)
1 x COM (16550-compatible UART)
Additional line-outs for 7.1 channel audio
Second RJ45 (LAN)
1 x IEEE-1394
1 x S/PDIF (coax out) 1 x PS/2 keyboard
1 x PS/2 mouse
1 x RJ45 (LAN)
4 x USB 2.0
1 x line-in/line-out/mic (audio)
1 x parallel (SPP/ECP/EPP)
1 x COM (16550-compatible UART)
1 x VGA (integrated video)
Additional line-outs for 7.1 channel audio
1 x IEEE-1394
Internal Connectors/Headers 1 x floppy disk drive
Front audio header
2 x USB 2-port headers, ver. 2.0
3 x IEEE-1394 headers 1 x floppy disk drive
Front audio header
2 x USB 2-port headers, ver. 2.0
1 x IEEE-1394 header
COM2 header (only) 1 x floppy disk drive
Front audio header
1 x S/PDIF (coax out) header
2 x USB 2-port headers, ver. 2.0
1 x IEEE-1394 header
BIOS 4Mb flash EEPROM w/ LAN boot, PnP, ACPI, WfM, DMI 2.0 4Mb flash EEPROM w/ LAN boot, PnP, ACPI, WfM, DMI 2.0, 4Mb flash EEPROM w/ LAN boot, PnP, ACPI, WfM, DMI 2.0,
Special Features Wake-on-LAN (WOL), suspend-to-RAM (STR, S3), suspend-to-disk (STD, S4), SuperUtilities - SuperBoot, SuperBIOS-Protect, SuperRecovery, SuperSpeed, SuperStep, SuperLogo, and SuperUpdate Wake-on-LAN (WOL), suspend-to-RAM (STR, S3), suspend-to-disk (STD, S4), SuperUtilities - SuperBoot, SuperBIOS-Protect, SuperRecovery, SuperSpeed, SuperStep, SuperLogo, and SuperUpdate Wake-on-LAN (WOL), suspend-to-RAM (STR, S3), suspend-to-disk (STD, S4), SuperUtilities - SuperBoot, SuperBIOS-Protect, SuperRecovery, SuperSpeed, SuperStep, SuperLogo, and SuperUpdate
Overclocking Features Adjustable bus speeds
Adjustable memory timing
Adjustable voltages (may be Vcore only)
Adjustable ratios Adjustable bus speeds
Adjustable memory timing
Adjustable voltages (may be Vcore only) Adjustable bus speeds
Adjustable memory timing
Adjustable voltages (may be Vcore only)
Adjustable ratios
Accessories Support CD, user's manual (or installation guide), rear I/O shield, 1 x floppy drive cable, 1 x HDD/ODD drive cable (supports UDMA/ATA 33/66/100/133 drives)
RAID driver on floppy disk(s)
8 x SATA data cables, 4 x SATA power cable (each supports 2 drives),
1 extra HDD/ODD drive cable (supports UDMA/ATA 33/66/100/133 drives)
Non-SATA drive cables are round and sheathed at the connectors
Rear cable/bracket assembly w/ 2 x USB 2.0 ports
Rear cable/bracket assembly w/ 1 x 4-pin + 1 x 6-pin IEEE-1394a + 1 x 1394b connectors Support CD, user's manual (or installation guide), rear I/O shield, 1 x floppy drive cable, 1 x HDD/ODD drive cable (supports UDMA/ATA 33/66/100/133 drives)
Quick installation ''poster''
RAID driver on floppy disk(s)
2 x SATA data cables, 1 x SATA power cable (supports 2 drives),
1 extra HDD/ODD drive cable (supports UDMA/ATA 33/66/100/133 drives) Support CD, user's manual (or installation guide), rear I/O shield, 1 x floppy drive cable, 1 x HDD/ODD drive cable (supports UDMA/ATA 33/66/100/133 drives)
Quick installation ''flyer''
RAID driver on floppy disk(s)
2 x SATA data cables, 1 x SATA power cable (supports 2 drives),
1 extra HDD/ODD drive cable (supports UDMA/ATA 33/66/100/133 drives)
Form Factor ATX, 12'' x 9.6'' or smaller - see User's Manual ATX, 12'' x 9.6'' or smaller - see User's Manual microATX, 9.6'' x 9.6'' or smaller - see User's Manual

Phoenix Award BIOS

The BIOS setup program performs four distinct tasks:

1. - Tests the computer's main components by running its POST (Power-On-Self-Test) program to make sure that they are all functioning properly.

2. - Configures the main components that are part of the motherboard or that are attached to it so that the operating system knows what to do with them. The configuration role was essential to the operation of a computer, but it is decreasing all the time as the operating system continues to take over more and more of this role.

3. - Boots the operating system from the primary hard disk drive or from a bootable floppy disk or a CD/DVD disc at start-up.

Note that the floppy disk drive or CD/DVD drive has to be set as the first boot device in the BIOS in order to make the system boot from a floppy disk or CD/DVD. The settings for this vary from one make of BIOS to another, but you should be able to locate the appropriate setting by going through the BIOS menu. Information on how to enter the BIOS is provided further down this page. For example, in a Phoenix Award BIOS, in the Advanced BIOS Features section, you might see settings for First Boot Device, Second Boot Device, Third Boot Device, etc. You will be able to set a floppy disk drive, CD/DVD, or hard disk drive, etc., as the first boot device. Some BIOSes allow you to set a USB flash drive or external hard disk drive as the first boot device. You should change the boot-order option back to the boot hard disk drive to resume normal use of the computer. The image below shows how the settings appear in a particular BIOS.



4. - Provides access to some of the computer's components and features, such as the keyboard even when the operating system is up and running. The BIOS is programmed to run a small routine that handles the keyboard at the behest of the operating system. In this way, the BIOS code provides a uniform interface to the system in order that variable hardware can function without having to make the necessary changes to the operating system when the type of hardware changes. Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista only make a small number of such calls to the BIOS, but the Linux operating system makes no such calls while it is running, because it deals directly with the standard hardware it is likely to encounter, and it uses device-driver software to deal with any non-standard or special hardware it encounters. Moreover, work is under way to create a version of Linux that boots without a BIOS.

5. - The BIOS can be updated to remove bugs or support additional hardware by reflashing it. The major motherboard manufacturers update the BIOS for their motherboards regularly. An good example in which installing an update is necessary is when a Socket 939 motherboard that runs AMD's Athlon 64 processors has a BIOS that supports only the single-core version of those processors. If the user wants to use a dual-core Socket 939 model, which the motherboard supports, a BIOS update is required.

Visit Page 2 of this article for more information on reflashing the BIOS to update it.

If you need the latest BIOS update for your desktop or laptop computer but can't find one on the computer's manufacturer's or its motherboard manufacturer's website, BIOS Updates, "The official BIOS and update support center for Phoenix-Award and AMI BIOS" is a good place to start. It also looks for and can download updates for the other software and hardware on the computer. The downside is that despite the free scan, it costs $29.95 to join. -

http://biosagentplus.com/

Features can be added by programming them into the BIOS code. For instance, many laptop/notebook computers have special function keys that are not found on standard desktop computer keyboards, which have nothing to do with the operating system and control the screen's brightness, contrast, the volume of the sound, etc.



The PnP/PCI Configurations page of an Award BIOS is shown above. (PnP stands for Plug and Play.) The PnP/PCI Configurations, and other pages in the BIOS, are reached from the main menu page, examples of which are shown further down this page. The settings are either enabled, often with parameters, or disabled. The browse menu appears on the bottom of the page. The keyboard has to be used because the mouse driver hasn't been loaded when the user enters the BIOS setup program, because neither DOS, (which starts up first in Windows 95/98/Me, but is absent in Windows XP) or Windows has loaded.

The Item Help section of each page provides information on the setting that is selected.

You shouldn't attempt to change the BIOS settings unless you know what you're doing, because the wrong settings can prevent the system from booting. But if that happens after you've changed settings, you can always enter the BIOS at start-up and change the settings back to what they were, or set one of the default options that have names such as, Load Fail-Safe Defaults and Load Optimised Defaults, both of which should remove any settings the user has enabled or disabled, and enable the system to boot.

Any customised settings in the BIOS are retained when the PC is switched off because a CMOS battery keeps the CMOS chip that contains the data powered up. The image below shows a Sony CR2032 CMOS battery installed in a socket on an ATX motherboard.



BIOS tip: Saving or backing up the BIOS settings
If you have spent a lot of time to customise the BIOS settings for your PC or you want to experiment to find out what the best settings are, you can use a digital camera to take photos of every page in the BIOS so that you can refer to them if you want to revert to a particular range of settings. You have to do that to record what is on the pages because the print screen (operated via the Prt Sc key) option doesn't function until the operating system is loaded, so you can't transfer a captured image to a Windows program.

When printers were primitive and had to have their own processing unit in order to work, it was possible to use the Prt Sc key to make the printer print what was on the PC's screen. If you are using a non-USB printer - one that uses the old (legacy) Centronics or LPT1 parallel port interface) - that option could work. However, with USB printers, which most users now have, you cannot do that.

If your PC has a floppy disk drive, which most new PCs no longer have, the following article provides information on how to back up the BIOS settings to a floppy disk.

BIOS Backup - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/41

You can find other such articles by entering the search tern bios backup in the Google search box at the top of this page (with its Web radio button enabled) to find many articles on how to do it.

You can save a file containing your BIOS backup on a recordable CD/DVD. You need to the disc bootable and and know how to make your computer boot from a CD/DVD in order to be able to make use of the backup. Enter create a bootable cd in the Google search box at the top of this page (with its Web radio button enabled) to find many articles on how to do it. Here is one I found: http://www.bootdisk.com/nero.htm.

The BIOS has to be set so that the first boot device is the CD/DVD drive in order for the system to be able to boot from a CD/DVD disc. Just open the BIOS and look for the boot order settings.


A CR2032 CMOS battery is not designed to be rechargeable; that is, to be able to go from being fully charged to being fully discharged and then recharged repeatedly. However, it does receive a trickle charge when the computer is switched on. This extends the life of the battery considerably if the computer is used regularly. Such a battery can last up to five years or more. However, it discharges completely in a few weeks if the computer isn't used, because it keeps the CMOS BIOS chip powered up. The motheboards are shipped from China with the CMOS jumper it its disconnected position to prevent the battery from discharging.

Most motherboard vendors and PC manufacturer's set the jumper in its enabled position when the motherboard or PC containing the motherboard is sold. However, motherboards can be sold with the jumper in its disabled position, which renders the PC that uses a motherboard in that state unable to retain customised settings. A dead or disabled CMOS battery usually produces an invalid-settings or settings-lost message at startup, not a blank screen. The user would then have to enter the BIOS and enable and save its default or failsafe or optimal setting every time the PC starts up.

With ATX motherboards, the power supply provides power to the CMOS chip if the PC iitself is switched off but is attached to the mains supply, which is switched on. A user who unplugs the PC from the mains or switches the power off at the mains supply, will shorten the life of the CMOS battery.

This Q&A on this site deals with the problem that its title describes: Why is my computer running slow after I replaced a flat BIOS battery on the motherboard?

The startup screen for a system running an American Megatrends (AMI) BIOS and an AMD Athlon 64 3200+ processor is shown below.

Note that if you see the logo of the motherboard's manufacturer or the developer of the BIOS instead of such a startup screen, you should be able to disable the logo in the BIOS itself. The standard startup screen of the kind shown below will then display. Click here! to go to more information on Page 2 of this article on disabling a logo startup screen. Some BIOS setup programs allow the logo to be temporarily disabled so that you can see the startup information by, for example, pressing the Tab or Esc key during startup.

The figure in Checking NVRAM... 1048576KB OK is 1GB of RAM that was found to be present and checked during the POST (Power-On-Self-Test) set of hardware tests that all computers initiate on starting up.



DRAM Clock = 400MHz: The system's DRAM clock is shown as 400MHz, so DDR400 (PC3200) RAM) is installed.

DEL: Setup: Pressing the DEL key enters the BIOS setup program.

The different brand-name computer manufacturers and BIOS setup program developers use different key combinations to enter the BIOS. Visit this page if you need to know what the entry methods used by all of the main brands of PC and the major BIOS developers are:

http://michaelstevenstech.com/bios_manufacturer.htm

Pressing the F11 key brings up the Boot Menu, and pressing the F10 key runs the BIOS recovery utility, which you would use if the computer won't boot past the start-up screen, and you can't enter the BIOS because it has become corrupt.

Note that if you see the term CMOS in relation to the BIOS, or even mistakenly used as a term for the BIOS, this stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor. This is the material that the BIOS chip is made of, it is not the chip itself - or any of its contents.

For instance, error messages that the BIOS throws up typically use the term CMOS instead of BIOS. Here is an example - "CMOS checksum error - defaults loaded." This means that the BIOS settings have become corrupt, and the default BIOS settings have been loaded instead of the user's customised BIOS settings.

The bright sparks that program BIOSes probably instinctively want to confuse things as much as possible in order to make what they do as mysterious and as inaccessible as possible.

The BIOS setup program is the first component to start up when you switch a computer on. When the BIOS program runs, it uses a mathematical technique called the "checksum" to make sure the code it contains is sound. If the code fails to pass the checksum test, the BIOS reverts to using its built-in default settings. The default settings can often get the system going again, but the system date and time may be incorrect. Nothing serious because those settings can be set manually from within the BIOS setup program itself. But if the default settings are loaded, any customisation of the settings will be lost and will have to be reset.

Note that whatever fault caused the BIOS to become corrupt will probably still be present, so if you have saved the BIOS settings with a utility that can do so and you restore them, the fault will probably cause the checksum error to recur and wipe them out again.

A bad system crash or electrical spike can corrupt the BIOS file, but this is rare. The most common cause of this kind of error is a dead or dying BIOS battery.

A CMOS-based BIOS chip is a low-power device, but it still has to be supplied with power in order to retain its settings when the computer is switched off. Incidentally, the battery also powers the system clock, which is usually part of the BIOS chip circuitry. When the BIOS battery - usually installed on the motherboard - loses enough of its charge - usually when it is somewhere between three and five years old - the BIOS will not be able to retain its settings, or the code will become corrupt and unusable, and a checksum error will be reported.

Therefore, the first diagnostic step to take to deal with a checksum error is to replace the battery. Most computers use a standard, coin-shaped BIOS battery mounted on the motherboard. You can find a replacement at any good computer shop. Just remove the old one carefully by inserting the flat head of small screwdriver in where the battery makes contact with its socket's metal connector. Take the old battery with you, and show it to the salesman so that you are assured of being given the correct replacement.

If a new battery doesn't solve the problem, the BIOS chip may need to be reflashed, reprogrammed, or replaced. The process of reflashing a BIOS chip is provided in this article. But the BIOS chip can be completely reprogramed with special EPROM-programming software that can be purchased an used, or used on your behalf by a professional. A service available from sites such as FlashBIOS.org and BadFlash.com, which also provide replacement chips.

A replacement chip will probably cost almost as much or more than a new motherboard, so I personally would replace the motherboard if the BIOS chip cannot be restored to working order.

Also try entering the search phrase "BIOS checksum error" (including the quotation marks) - or any other BIOS term - in the Google search box at the top of this page. You'll probably be presented with a large number of accessible links.

BIOS NEWS
Phoenix Hyperspace and the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
May 17, 2008. - Phoenix, the major BIOS developer, had added a feature to its BIOSes for laptop PCs called HyperSpace that allows access to applications, the web, etc., without having to boot into the operating system (usually Windows, Linux, and OS X).

Phoenix HyperSpace - http://www.phoenix.com/en/Products/...

Phoenix HyperSpace: Quick-Boot Your Laptop -

"Phoenix Technologies' new HyperSpace is an instant-on environment for laptops, letting users launch a browser or other apps with booting into the OS." -

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,2211507,00.asp

HyperSpace is stealing a march on the operating system. However, there is a replacement for the BIOS being developed. It is called the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI).

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) -

"UEFI is a community effort by many companies in the personal-computer industry to modernize the booting process. UEFI capable systems are already shipping, and many more are in preparation. During the transition to UEFI, most platform firmware will continue to support legacy (BIOS) booting as well, to accommodate legacy-only operating systems." - http://www.uefi.org/

Experts say that Rootkits will soon be installed in the flash memory of the BIOS
January 29, 2006. - Security experts are warning that Rootkits - hidden software that Windows cannot detect that can be used to implement digital rights management technology or be used to hide viruses and Trojan backdoor server software - will soon be hidden in the flash memory of the BIOS chip. The BIOS chip on a computer's motherboard stores the system configuration information that is required to boot the system, therefore reinstalling the operating system cannot remove a Rootkit installed in its flash memory.

For Windows 9x versions of Windows, a BIOS file update is usually flashed into the chip by making use of a floppy disk that contains the flash utility, the new BIOS file, and the three MS DOS system files that make the disk bootable. However, MS DOS is not available in the Windows XP versions of Windows, so most of the motherboard manufacturers have created software that is downloaded from their websites. To update the BIOS now involves running the downloaded software that obtains the update and sets the system to install it the next time the system is started. The idea is to make the process as user-friendly as possible, which in turn means that most BIOS programs no longer prevent writing to the BIOS flash memory by default, which in turn means that such systems are vulnerable to being infected by a Rootkit that installs itself in the flash memory of the BIOS.

Greg Hoglund, a Rootkit expert and CEO of the reverse engineering company HBGary, had this to say on the subject: "It is going to be about one month before malware comes out to take advantage of this. This is so easy to do. You have widely available tools, free compilers for the ACPI language [used to program BIOS files], and high-level languages to write the code in."

Even if a computer's BIOS or a jumper on the motherboard itself is set to disable writing to the flash memory, an insider could flash a computer's BIOS chip with such a Rootkit before leaving a company in order to be able to gain access to the corporate network at a later date.

How to fix a fast Windows clock problem
If the clock in Windows is fast, try resetting the BIOS to its default settings, because Windows takes its time from the BIOS clock. Doing that often fixes the problem. A fast clock can be a nuisance if you use a PC with a TV tuner card and schedule it to record TV programmes. The BIOS has programming in it that manages the clock's operation.


The BIOS component in a computer stores the hardware configurations that are needed to configure the system at start-up so that its hardware (and thus its software) can run. Many modern BIOSes are also capable of monitoring motherboard activities such as the processor's temperature, the processor's fan speed, and the voltages. The configuration information, in read-only form on a ROM chip, is kept alive by a battery when the system is switched off.

If the battery is removed, the user's customised settings will be deleted as soon as the CMOS chip loses its source of power, which could take several minutes, and the computer will start up with the default or failsafe settings. The user will have to re-enable any settings you prefer to the default ones.

The BIOS also supports software, such as a particular operating system. For instance, a BIOS update may be required before a computer with a BIOS created to run on Windows 98 can be run on Windows XP.

The long-life battery, which lasts at least five years, is usually a round one inserted into a holder on the motherboard, or an external battery unit that is plugged into the motherboard.

The BIOS setup program is accessed by pressing the key or keys shown (usually at the bottom of the screen) just after the memory count at start-up.

The Delete key ("Press DEL to enter SETUP"), used by Award and AMI BIOSes, is the most commonly used one.

See the image below of a start-up screen indicating at the top of the window that the system is configured by an Award BIOS. The BIOS has not recognised the system's AMD Athlon XP 2600+ (Main Processor), because it was released after the BIOS was created. The BIOS will have to be updated by reflashing it with a BIOS file programmed to recognise the new processor.

There is much more information about reflashing a BIOS further down the page.

The Memory Testing feature shows a running count to the amount of RAM used and detected by the BIOS as functional. In this case, it is 512MB (524,288KB). The four headings starting with Primary Master show which of the motherboard's IDE drive channels (used for hard disks or CD/DVD disk drives) have been enabled. The string of numbers and letters shown under Press DEL to enter SETUP can be used to identify the BIOS chip.



The Press DEL to enter SETUP in the bottom left-hand corner means that you have to press the Delete key to open the BIOS program, and the ALT-F2 to enter AWDFLASH means that you can run the program that reflashes a BIOS update file into the BIOS chip by pressing the ALT and the F2 keys. The BIOS update will have been obtained from the motherboard's website. This means that you can use this utility instead of a special (DOS) boot floppy disk to flash the BIOS.

Below is the much clearer start-up screen showing that the Pentium 4 2800MHz (2.8GHz) processor installed in the system has been recognised by the Award Medallion BIOS. As you can see, the BIOS belongs to an Asus P4T533 - C motherboard (Revision 1007), and has a Maxtor 6L040JZ hard disk drive, and an Asus 52x CD-ROM drive (CD-S520/A ), recognised by the BIOS as being installed as the Primary Master and Primary Slave devices on the Primary IDE channel. There are no drives installed on the Secondary IDE Channel, the Secondary Master setting of which has been disabled, and so displays the word "Skip". The Memory test shows a count of 262,144KB (256MB) of RAM is installed, and has been recognised by the BIOS.

With this BIOS, you still use the Delete key to open it, and the ALT-F2 keys are pressed to run the built-in EZ flash utility, which is used to reflash the BIOS chip with a new BIOS file. This means that you can use this utility instead of a special boot floppy disk to flash the BIOS. The instructions on how to use it will be provided with the BIOS update file, on the motherboard's website, or in the motherboard's user manual.



Below is what appears on the screen at start-up for a computer running an AMI BIOS issued in 1998.



And below is the BIOS settings' menu that comes to the screen if the Del key is pressed before Windows, or an alternative operating system such as Linux, starts up. Once the operating system has started loading, you cannot access the BIOS, because it can only make changes to itself when nothing else is loaded. You have to reboot to enter the BIOS when the operating system is running.



Using this particular AMI BIOS, if you suspected that the BIOS settings were responsible for any problems, you would enable the Auto Configuration with Fail Safe Settings option, or even the Auto Configuration with Optimal Settings option.

As long as the start-up screen appears, you can always re-enter the BIOS to change the settings if they don't work or cause problems.

Award BIOSes have similar settings, but pre-year-2000 versions may use terms such as Load Setup Defaults, or Load BIOS Defaults instead of Load Fail-Safe Defaults and Load Optimised Defaults respectively.

Below is the settings' menu of an Award BIOS from the year 2005, which uses similar headings to the AMI BIOS shown above, and which is also entered by pressing the Del key.



As I said at the top of this page, you have to navigate using the keyboard, because the driver for the mouse has not been loaded by the operating system. The basic navigation instructions appear at the bottom of the main menu page, and more detailed instructions appear on all of the main pages listed on the main menu page.

For this particular BIOS the important navigation options are:

Enter Motherboard BIOS

Bios Suppliers Keyboard Commands
ALR Advanced Logic Research, Inc. ® PC / PCI F2
ALR PC non / PCI CTRL+ALT+ESC
AMD® (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.) BIOS F1
AMI (American Megatrends, Inc.) BIOS DEL
Award™ BIOS CTRL+ALT+ESC
Award BIOS DEL
DTK® (Datatech Enterprises Co.) BIOS ESC
Phoenix™ BIOS CTRL+ALT+ESC
Phoenix BIOS CTRL+ALT+S
Phoenix BIOS CTRL+ALT+INS
Computer Vendor Keyboard Commands
Acer® F1, F2, CTRL+ALT+ESC
ARI® CTRL+ALT+ESC, CTRL+ALT+DEL
AST® CTRL+ALT+ESC, CTRL+ALT+DEL
Compaq® 8700 F10
CompUSA® DEL
Cybermax® ESC
Dell BIOS web site search links For models not listed below.
Dell 400 F3, F1
Dell 4400 F12
Dell Dimension® F2 or DEL
Dell Inspiron® F2
Dell Latitude Fn+F1 (while booted)
Dell Latitude F2 (on boot)
Dell Optiplex DEL
Dell Optiplex F2
Dell Precision™ F2
eMachine® DEL , F 2
Fujutsu Manuals & BIOS Manuals & BIOS Download
Gateway® 2000 1440 F1
Gateway 2000 Solo™ F2
HP® (Hewlett-Packard) F1, F2 (Laptop, ESC)
IBM® F1
E-pro Laptop F2
IBM PS/2® CTRL+ALT+INS after CTRL+ALT+DEL
IBM Thinkpad® (newer) Windows: Programs-Thinkpad CFG.
Intel® Tangent DEL
Lenovo(formerly IBM) Lenovo BIOS Access page
Micron® F1, F2, or DEL
Packard Bell® F1, F2, Del
Seanix DEL
Sony® VAIO F2
Sony VAIO F3
Tiger DEL
Toshiba® 335 CDS ESC
Toshiba Protege ESC
Toshiba Satellite 205 CDS F1
Toshiba Tecra ESC then F1 or F2
Toshiba Notebook [Newer models]
1. Turn on computer by Holding down power button while pressing the ESC key.
The machine will beep, then display:
Check System, then press [F1] key.
2. Release ESC key
3. Press F1 key

BIOS FAQ - For frequently asked questions on BIOS…
click here
Notebook BIOS FAQ – For frequently asked questions on Notebook BIOS....
click here

Warning: Computer vendor and Mother
Board manufacturers customize their BIOS to
the individual specifications of the mother
board. Care must be taken when applying a
BIOS update. A BIOS update should be applied
to the exact make; model; version; etc.
specified in the update description.


Applying the BIOS update to the wrong BIOS
chip can render the system unbootable and
could necessitate a Mother Board or BIOS chip
replacement.

NOTICE: The information supplied on this
web page is compiled from published sources
publicly available in digital and traditional
printed media and may be used as needed.

Copying of the web page source code is not
permitted without consent of the author.

MichaelStevensTech


DrDflash Boot Disk For BIOS Flashing - No Drivers: Save this file to your hard drive, insert a blank floppy in the floppy drive and double click the drdflash.exe file to create the boot disk. Follow the onscreen prompt and after creating the boot disk; copy the files for flashing the BIOS to the boot disk.
Not all Motherboard and BIOS manufacturers require a bootable floppy disk to create the BIOS boot floppy disk. Gateway for example specifies a blank IBM formatted disk and creates the bootable floppy from the downloaded BIOS update file. Make sure you check out all the available flashing information from the vendors web site before flashing the BIOS.

If the direct link above is no longer valid or you would like to know more about the downloaded file, you can find a wealth of information and boot disks for all occasions at: Bootdisk.com Due to the high volume of traffic to Bootdisk.com, if you can make a donation to help with the web hosting, it would be much appreciated by the owner of the web

computer network

A computer network is a group of computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of communication. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of some types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.


A network is the interconnection of computer to enable sharing of information and and hardware resources.It is done by connecting them through cables,telephone lines and sattelites.A computer network may spread to a small area such as room in a building or as large area as the whole of our earth

Contents [hide]
1 Introduction
2 Advantages of computer network
3 Network classification
3.1 Connection method
3.2 Scale
3.3 Functional relationship (network architecture)
3.4 Network topology
4 Types of networks
4.1 Personal area network
4.2 Local area network
4.3 Campus area network
4.4 Metropolitan area network
4.5 Wide area network
4.6 Global area network
4.7 Virtual private network
4.8 Internetwork
4.8.1 Intranet
4.8.2 Extranet
4.8.3 Internet
5 Basic hardware components
5.1 Network interface cards
5.2 Repeaters
5.3 Hubs
5.4 Bridges
5.5 Switches
5.6 Routers
6 See also
7 References
8 External links


[edit] Introduction
A computer network allows computers to communicate with many other computers and to share resources and information. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded the design of the "Advanced Research Projects Agency Network" (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defense. It was the first operational computer network in the world.[1] Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs begun in the 1960s.

[edit] Advantages of computer network
1}It ensures security of data/information through the use of passwords. 2}Allows the sharing of information. 3}Brings down the expenses on buying additional hardware 4]Allows sharing of hardware devices such as the printer,scanner,etc. 5}Makes the communication very quick and cost effective. 6}Reduces expences on software as networked version of software can be used for all machines.

[edit] Network classification
The following list presents categories used for classifying networks.

[edit] Connection method
Computer networks can also be classified according to the hardware and software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as Optical fiber, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, Power line communication or G.hn. Ethernet uses physical wiring to connect devices. Frequently deployed devices include hubs, switches, bridges and/or routers.

Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium.

ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network.

Wired Technologies

Twisted-Pair Wire - This is the most widely used medium for telecommunication. Twisted-pair wires are ordinary telephone wires which consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs and are used for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The transmission speed range from 2 million bits per second to 100 million bits per second.

Coaxial Cable – These cables are widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other worksites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire wrapped with insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer. The layers of insulation help minimize interference and distortion. Transmission speed range from 200 million to more than 500 million bits per second.

Fiber Optics – These cables consist of one or more thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective layer. It transmits light which can travel over long distance and higher bandwidths. Fiber-optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic radiation. Transmission speed could go up to as high as trillions of bits per second. The speed of fiber optics is hundreds of times faster than coaxial cables and thousands of times faster than twisted-pair wire.

Wireless Technologies

Terrestrial Microwave – Terrestrial microwaves use Earth-based transmitter and receiver. The equipment look similar to satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves use low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Path between relay stations spaced approx. 30 miles apart. Microwave antennas are usually placed on top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks.

Communications Satellites – The satellites use microwave radio as their telecommunications medium which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically 22,000 miles above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.

Cellular and PCS Systems – Use several radio communications technologies. The systems are divided to different geographic area. Each area has low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area.

Wireless LANs – Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANS use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. Example of open-standard wireless radio-wave technology is IEEE 802.11b.

Bluetooth – A short range wireless technology. Operate at approx. 1Mbps with range from 10 to 100 meters. Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for data exchange over short distances.

The Wireless Web – The wireless web refers to the use of the World Wide Web through equipments like cellular phones, pagers,PDAs, and other portable communications devices. The wireless web service offers anytime/anywhere connection.

[edit] Scale
Networks are often classified as Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Personal Area Network (PAN), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Storage Area Network (SAN), etc. depending on their scale, scope and purpose. Usage, trust levels and access rights often differ between these types of network - for example, LANs tend to be designed for internal use by an organization's internal systems and employees in individual physical locations (such as a building), while WANs may connect physically separate parts of an organization to each other and may include connections to third parties.

[edit] Functional relationship (network architecture)
Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist among the elements of the network, e.g., Active Networking, Client-server and Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architecture.

[edit] Network topology
Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as bus network, star network, ring network, mesh network, star-bus network, tree or hierarchical topology network. Network topology signifies the way in which devices in the network see their logical relations to one another. The use of the term "logical" here is significant. That is, network topology is independent of the "physical" layout of the network. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement, if they are connected via a hub, the network has a Star topology, rather than a bus topology. In this regard the visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct; the logical network topology is not necessarily the same as the physical layout. Networks may be classified based on the method of data used to convey the data, these include digital and analog networks.

[edit] Types of networks
Below is a list of the most common types of computer networks in order of scale.

[edit] Personal area network
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. Such a PAN may include wired and wireless connections between devices. The reach of a PAN is typically at least about 20-30 feet (approximately 6-9 meters), but this is expected to increase with technology improvements.

[edit] Local area network
A local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology, although new standards like ITU-T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines)[2].

For example, a library may have a wired or wireless LAN for users to interconnect local devices (e.g., printers and servers) and to connect to the internet. On a wired LAN, PCs in the library are typically connected by category 5 (Cat5) cable, running the IEEE 802.3 protocol through a system of interconnected devices and eventually connect to the Internet. The cables to the servers are typically on Cat 5e enhanced cable, which will support IEEE 802.3 at 1 Gbit/s. A wireless LAN may exist using a different IEEE protocol, 802.11b, 802.11g or possibly 802.11n. The staff computers (bright green in the figure) can get to the color printer, checkout records, and the academic network and the Internet. All user computers can get to the Internet and the card catalog. Each workgroup can get to its local printer. Note that the printers are not accessible from outside their workgroup.


Typical library network, in a branching tree topology and controlled access to resourcesAll interconnected devices must understand the network layer (layer 3), because they are handling multiple subnets (the different colors). Those inside the library, which have only 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet connections to the user device and a Gigabit Ethernet connection to the central router, could be called "layer 3 switches" because they only have Ethernet interfaces and must understand IP. It would be more correct to call them access routers, where the router at the top is a distribution router that connects to the Internet and academic networks' customer access routers.

The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to WANs (Wide Area Networks), include their higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines. Current Ethernet or other IEEE 802.3 LAN technologies operate at speeds up to 10 Gbit/s. This is the data transfer rate. IEEE has projects investigating the standardization of 40 and 100 Gbit/s.[3]

[edit] Campus area network
A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. It can be considered one form of a metropolitan area network, specific to an academic setting.

In the case of a university campus-based campus area network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic departments, the university library and student residence halls. A campus area network is larger than a local area network but smaller than a wide area network (WAN) (in some cases).

The main aim of a campus area network is to facilitate students accessing internet and university resources. This is a network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and contiguous geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, office building, or a military base. A CAN may be considered a type of MAN (metropolitan area network), but is generally limited to a smaller area than a typical MAN. This term is most often used to discuss the implementation of networks for a contiguous area. This should not be confused with a Controller Area Network. A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings.

[edit] Metropolitan area network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that connects two or more local area networks or campus area networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city. Routers, switches and hubs are connected to create a metropolitan area network.

[edit] Wide area network
A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e. any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries [1]). Less formally, a WAN is a network that uses routers and public communications links. Contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs), which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively. The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet. A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic area (i.e. one city to another and one country to another country) and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.

[edit] Global area network
A global area networks (GAN) (see also IEEE 802.20) specification is in development by several groups, and there is no common definition. In general, however, a GAN is a model for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is "handing off" the user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial WIRELESS local area networks (WLAN).[4]

[edit] Virtual private network
A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this is the case. One common application is secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.

A VPN may have best-effort performance, or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point.

A VPN allows computer users to appear to be editing from an IP address location other than the one which connects the actual computer to the Internet.

[edit] Internetwork
An Internetwork is the connection of two or more distinct computer networks or network segments via a common routing technology. The result is called an internetwork (often shortened to internet). Two or more networks or network segments connect using devices that operate at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a router. Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork.

In modern practice, interconnected networks use the Internet Protocol. There are at least three variants of internetworks, depending on who administers and who participates in them:

Intranet
Extranet
Internet
Intranets and extranets may or may not have connections to the Internet. If connected to the Internet, the intranet or extranet is normally protected from being accessed from the Internet without proper authorization. The Internet is not considered to be a part of the intranet or extranet, although it may serve as a portal for access to portions of an extranet.

[edit] Intranet
An intranet is a set of networks, using the Internet Protocol and IP-based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the intranet to all but specific, authorized users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an organization. A large intranet will typically have at least one web server to provide users with organizational information.

[edit] Extranet
An extranet is a network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity but which also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities (e.g., a company's customers may be given access to some part of its intranet creating in this way an extranet, while at the same time the customers may not be considered 'trusted' from a security standpoint). Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although, by definition, an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network.

[edit] Internet
The Internet consists of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic, public, and private networks based upon the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense. The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW). The 'Internet' is most commonly spelled with a capital 'I' as a proper noun, for historical reasons and to distinguish it from other generic internetworks.

Participants in the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented, and often standardized, protocols compatible with the Internet Protocol Suite and an addressing system (IP Addresses) administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and address registries. Service providers and large enterprises exchange information about the reachability of their address spaces through the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), forming a redundant worldwide mesh of transmission paths.

[edit] Basic hardware components
All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category 5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.12) or optical cable ("optical fiber"). An Ethernet card may also be required.

[edit] Network interface cards
A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.

[edit] Repeaters
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable which runs longer than 100 meters.

[edit] Hubs
A network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address.[5]

[edit] Bridges
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all ports except the one on which the broadcast was received.

Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on which the frame arrived.

Bridges come in three basic types:

Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with routers.
Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs
[edit] Switches
A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on the MAC addresses in the packets.[6] This is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the packets to the ports involved in the communications rather than all ports connected. Strictly speaking, a switch is not capable of routing traffic based on IP address (OSI Layer 3) which is necessary for communicating between network segments or within a large or complex LAN. Some switches are capable of routing based on IP addresses but are still called switches as a marketing term. A switch normally has numerous ports, with the intention being that most or all of the network is connected directly to the switch, or another switch that is in turn connected to a switch.[7]

Switch is a marketing term that encompasses routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier). Switches may operate at one or more OSI model layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch.

Overemphasizing the ill-defined term "switch" often leads to confusion when first trying to understand networking. Many experienced network designers and operators recommend starting with the logic of devices dealing with only one protocol level, not all of which are covered by OSI. Multilayer device selection is an advanced topic that may lead to selecting particular implementations, but multilayer switching is simply not a real-world design concept.

[edit] Routers
A router is a networking device that forwards packets between networks using information in protocol headers and forwarding tables to determine the best next router for each packet. Routers work at the Network Layer of the OSI model and the Internet Layer of TCP/IP.